Background The role of polysaccharides isolated from the Ganoderma species of fungi in innate immunity has recently become a topic of research. Although some work has been conducted concerning Ganoderma lucidum, the characteristics of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma neojaponicum (Imazeki) as immunomodulatory agents are largely unknown. The aims for this study were to isolate and characterize the intracellular polysaccharides (IPSs) and extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) of G. neojaponicum from STR reactor. Results The production of EPS and IPS was optimized on day 4 of the cultivation time in 2 L STR reactor based on the amount of biomass yield, total carbohydrate, β-glucan and a-glucan content. Further analysis, both the EPSs and IPSs showed the enhancement on proliferation and increment of phagocytosis activities of macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines. Using an oral toxicity test, we also observed that 2000 mg/kg body weight/day dosage of dried G. neojaponicum mycelium does not cause any significant toxic effects on Sprague-Dawley rats in 14 d of administration. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that the IPSs and EPSs of G. neojaponicum have the potential to be used as immunomodulating agents to stimulate the innate immune system for fighting infectious diseases. The polysaccharides from G. neojaponicum have to be further commercially explored as an alternative for medicinal Ganoderma variety of G. lucidum production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso de diferentes resíduos agrícolas como fonte de carbono nos substratos de frutificação do cogumelo Flammulina velutipes e o efeito da suplementação com as fontes de nitrogênio levedura de cerveja fermentada e farelo de arroz. Foram avaliados os seguintes substratos de frutificação: serragem de seringueira (SS), palha de arroz (PA), cachos de frutos vazios da palma (CFV) e fibra prensada da palma (FP). O cultivo foi realizado em cada um dos resíduos, baseado em formulações que consistiram de dois substratos, nas proporções de 3:1, 1:1 e 1:3. Foram avaliadas a taxa de crescimento micelial e a produção de basidiocarpo. Os melhores substratos de frutificação foram PA+CFV (25:75), PA+FP (50:50) e FP (100), com eficiência biológica de 185,09±36,98, 150,89±50,35 e 129,06±14,51%, respectivamente. Não foram observados efeitos significativos da suplementação com farelo de arroz e levedura fermentada na taxa do crescimento micelial e na eficiência biológica. O cultivo de F. velutipessobre resíduos de óleo de palma não necessita de fontes de nitrogênio adicionais.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of different agro-residues as a carbon source in the fruiting substrates of Flammulina velutipesmushroom and the effect of supplementation with the nitrogen sources spent brewer's yeast and rice bran. The following fruiting substrates were evaluated: rubber wood sawdust (SD), paddy straw (PS), palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), and palm-pressed fiber (PPF). Cultivation was done on each agro-residue, based on formulations consisting of two substrates at the ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3. Mycelial growth rate and basidiocarp yield were evaluated. The best fruiting substrates were PS+EFB (25:75), PS+PPF (50:50), and PPF (100), with biological efficiency of 185.09±36.98, 150.89±50.35, and 129.06±14.51%, respectively. No significant effects of supplementation with rice bran and spent yeast were observed on mycelial growth rate and biological efficiency. The cultivation of F. velutipes on oil palm wastes does not require additional nitrogen sources.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a composição química de linhagens de cogumelo‑ostra introduzidas recentemente em Bangladesh. Linhagens de Pleurotus high‑king (linhagem PHK), P. ostreatus (linhagem PO2) e P. geesteranus (linhagens PG1 e PG3) foram avaliadas quanto aos componentes da produção e à composição proximal. Pleurotus ostreatus foi utilizado como controle. Pleurotus high‑king apresentou rápido crescimento de primórdios, mas fluxo moderado de corpos de frutificação efetivos. Pleurotus geesteranus (PG1) apresentou maior produtividade econômica e desempenho biológico, além de melhor composição química, especialmente em termos de conteúdos de proteína e minerais. Pleurotus geesteranus (PG1) apresenta melhor desempenho que P. ostreatus (linhagem PO2), a espécie comestível mais cultivada comercialmente em Bangladesh, e, portanto, deve ser recomendado para plantio comercial.

The objective of this work was to evaluate yield and chemical composition of oyster mushroom strains newly introduced in Bangladesh. Strains of Pleurotus high‑king (strain PHK), P. ostreatus (strain PO2), and P. geesteranus (strains PG1 and PG3) were evaluated as to yield components and proximate composition. Pleurotus ostreatus was used as control. Pleurotus high‑king showed fastest growth of primordia, but moderate flush of effective fruiting bodies. Pleurotus geesteranus (PG1) showed higher economic yield and biological performance, and better chemical composition, especially in terms of protein and mineral contents. Pleurotus geesteranus (PG1) shows better performance than P. ostreatus (PO2), the most commercially cultivated edible species in Bangladesh, and, therefore, it should be recommended for commercial cultivation.